Cadair 1.8.2

Crown-giving and king-making in the west ca. 1000-ca. 1250

Tue, 01 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT

Crown-giving and king-making in the west ca. 1000-ca. 1250 Weiler, Bjorn This article explores accounts of king-making and crown-giving in the high medieval west. Centering on a series of case studies (Poland, Sicily), it seeks to ask wider questions about the nature of royal power, the role of legitimacy and legitimizing mechanisms in high medieval politics, the norms and practices of monarchic rule. It discusses both wider European developments, and specific regnal experiences, and uses both to sketch avenues for further enquiry and exploration.

Protein supplementation of grass silages of differing digestibility for growing steers

Thu, 01 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT

Protein supplementation of grass silages of differing digestibility for growing steers Scollan, Nigel D.; Sargeant, A.; McAllan, A. B.; Dhanoa, M. S. Previous studies have demonstrated that protein sources which are primarily degraded in the rumen such as rapeseed meal or soyabean meal may be as effective as a less rumen degradable protein source such as fishmeal in supporting higher levels of animal performance in young steers fed on grass silage. However, the response to type of protein supplement is likely to be influenced by the composition of the basal diet. This study has examined the effect of supplementing silages prepared from early (EH) and late (LH) harvested grass with two protein sources of differing rumen degradability, rapeseed meal (RSM) and fishmeal (FM) or a mixture of the two (M), thus creating eight experimental diets of LH, LHRSM, LHFM, LHM, EH, EHRSM, EHFM and EHM. Silage was offered ad libitum and supplements were included at 100 g fresh weight/kg silage DM intake. The RSM and M diets were made isonitrogenous with FM diets by the addition of urea. Animals remained on diets for 18 weeks and liveweights were monitored for a further 13 weeks while the animals were at pasture. Dry matter (DM) intakes and liveweight gains were higher with EH than with LH silage (P <0·001). Response to type of protein supplement was dependent on silage quality. On LH silage, higher intakes were noted on FM and M (82·4 and 82·8 g DM/unit metabolic liveweight/day, respectively) relative to silage only (75·8 g DM/unit metabolic liveweight/day) and this contributed towards higher liveweight gains (P <0·01). Liveweight gains tended to be higher on LH silage supplemented with FM compared to RSM (0·76 v. 0·67 kg/day, respectively, P = 0·08). In comparison, on EH silage, relative to EH unsupplemented, the intake was highest on M (89·2 v. 96·6 g DM/unit metabolic liveweight/day), but liveweight gains were not significantly different between supplements. On turnout to pasture, those animals fed on silage alone exhibited compensatory growth (P <0·025) with the result that those fed on LH silage only grew faster and achieved the same liveweight after 13 weeks at grass as those supplemented with RSM or M. There was a tendency for those fed on FM to maintain an advantage in liveweight after the period at pasture. On EH silage, at the end of the grazing period no significant differences in liveweight existed between the different supplements and on average were 23 kg heavier than EH silage unsupplemented. In conclusion, silage type (stage of harvest and quality) and protein supplementation influenced animal performance. On late harvest and poorer digestibility silage, there was some indication that feeding fishmeal was better than rapeseed but this was less evident on early harvest and higher digestibility silage. However, considering the price differential between these two supplements and small difference in animal performance it is concluded that rapeseed meal is as effective as fishmeal when used as a protein supplement for growing cattle fed on grass silage. Scollan, N. D., Sargeant, A., McAllan, A. B., Dhanoa, M. S. (2001). Protein supplementation of grass silages of differing digestibility for growing steers. Journal of Agricultural Science, 136, 89-98. Sponsorship: MAFF

Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on different sources of lipid

Tue, 01 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT

Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on different sources of lipid Scollan, Nigel D.; Dhanoa, M. S.; Choi, Nag-Jin; Maeng, W. J.; Enser, Mike; Wood, J. D. Rumen biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is a significant limitation on any attempt to manipulate the PUFA content of ruminant products (meat or milk). This study examined rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA, the effects of PUFA on other aspects of rumen metabolism and fatty acid flow to and digestion in the small intestine of steers fed on different sources of lipid. Animals were fed ad libitum on grass silage and one of four concentrates (60:40 forage:concentrate on a dry matter basis) containing differing sources of lipid: megalac (rich in C16:0; M), linseed (rich in C18:3n-3; L), fish oil (rich in C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3; FO) and a mixture of linseed/fish oil (LFO). Diets were formulated so that total dietary oil intake was approximately 60 g/kg of the DM intake, approximately half of which was from the experimental test oil. Rumen NH3-N (P = 0·09) and total VFA concentrations (P = 0·007) were higher on L, FO and LFO compared to M. Dry matter intakes did not differ across treatments and averaged 7·2 kg/day. Intake and flow of fatty acids to the duodenum was 323, 438, 344 and 381 (S.E.M. 9·1; P <0·001) and 432, 489, 412 and 465 (S.E.M. 18·5; P <0·1) g/day for M, L, FO and LFO, respectively. Biohydrogenation of C18:1n-9 was lower than all the other unsaturated fatty acids and it was lower of FO and LFO compared to M and L, on average 66·1 and 72·2 %, respectively. Biohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 averaged 89·8 % across treatments and was lower (P <0·05) on M compared to L and FO. Biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 averaged 92·1 % across treatments and was lowest on M (88·8 %) and highest on L and LFO (94·3 %). Biohydrogenation of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 averaged approximately 91 and 89 % across the treatments, respectively. Small intestinal digestibilities of all fatty acids were high. In conclusion, feeding different sources of lipid with different fatty acid composition had significant effects on rumen function. The PUFA in whole linseed were only partially protected from biohydrogenation by the seed coat and in contrast to previous reports the C20 PUFA in fish oil were biohydrogenated to a large extent. Scollan, N. D., Dhanoa, M. S., Choi, N.-J., Maeng, W. J., Enser, M., Wood, J. D. (2001). Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on different sources of lipid. Journal of Agricultural Science, 136, (3), 345-355

Effect of a grass-based and a concentrate feeding system on meat quality characteristics and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle in different cattle breeds

Wed, 01 Jun 2005 00:00:00 GMT

Effect of a grass-based and a concentrate feeding system on meat quality characteristics and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle in different cattle breeds Nuernberg, Karin; Dannenberger, Dirk; Nuernberg, Gerd; Ender, Klaus; Voigt, J.; Scollan, Nigel D.; Wood, J.; Nute, G.; Richardson, R. Ian The objective of this study was to examine the effects of feeding system and breed on the content of the beneficial n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in beef muscle. German Simmental (GS) (n=31) and German Holstein (GH) (n=33) bulls were produced on either an indoor concentrate system or a grass-based system consisting of a period of summer pasture feeding followed by a winter indoor period on grass silage and a concentrate containing linseed. All animals were slaughtered at 620 kg. The grass-based system increased (P Nuernberg, K., Dannenberger, D., Nuernberg, G., Ender, K., Voigt, J., Scollan, N. D., Wood, J., Nute, G., Richardson, I. (2005). Effect of a grass-based and a concentrate feeding system on meat quality characteristics and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle in different cattle breeds. Livestock Production Science, 94,(1-2), 137-147. Sponsorship: European Commission (Research project QRLT-2000-31423).